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Yan Luo

With over 10 years of experience in global technology regulations, Yan Luo specializes in the intersection of law and technology, focusing on regulatory compliance and risk mitigation for technology-driven business models. Her key strengths include data protection, cybersecurity, and international trade, with a particular emphasis on adapting to regulatory changes and ensuring compliance to support technology sector business strategies.

In recent years, Yan has guided leading multinational companies in sectors such as cloud computing, consumer brands, and financial services through the rapidly evolving cybersecurity and data privacy regulations in major Asian jurisdictions, including China. She has addressed challenges such as compliance with data localization mandates and regulatory audits. Yan's work includes advising on high-stakes compliance issues like data localization and cross-border data transfers, navigating cybersecurity inspections for multinational companies, and providing data protection insights for strategic transactions. Additionally, Yan has counseled leading Chinese technology companies on global data governance and compliance challenges across major jurisdictions, including the EU and the US, focusing on specific regulations like GDPR and CCPA.

More recently, Yan has supported leading technology companies on geopolitical risk assessments, particularly concerning how geopolitical shifts impact sectors at the cutting edge, such as artificial intelligence and semiconductor technologies.

Yan was named as Global Data Review’s “40 under 40” in 2018 and is frequently quoted by leading media outlets including the Wall Street Journal and the Financial Times.

Prior to joining the firm, Yan completed an internship with the Office of International Affairs of the U.S. Federal Trade Commission in Washington, DC. Her experiences in Brussels include representing major Chinese companies in trade, competition and public procurement matters before the European Commission and national authorities in EU Member States.

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On April 19, 2019, China’s Ministry of Public Security (“MPS”) released the final version of its Guideline for Internet Personal Information Security Protection (互联网个人信息安全保护指南) (the “Guideline”).  A previous version of the Guideline was released for public comments on November 30, 2018.

Under China’s Cybersecurity Law (the “CSL”), MPS is the key regulator tasked with protecting cybersecurity and combating cybercrime.  Following the issuance of the draft Regulations on Cybersecurity Multi-level Protection Scheme (the “Draft MLPS Regulation”, discussed in our previous post available here) and the Regulation on the Internet Security Supervision and Inspection by Public Security Agencies (also discussed in a previous post, available here) last year, the release of this new Guideline represents the latest efforts made by MPS to implement the CSL.

The stated goal of the Guideline is to “protect cybersecurity and individuals’ legitimate interests” and to “effectively prevent cybercrime involving personal information.”  Although not issued as a legally binding administrative regulation, this Guideline sets out the best practices recommended by MPS and will likely serve as an important reference for cybersecurity inspections that will be carried out by the agency and its local counterparts (i.e., local public security bureaus, “PSBs”).

To a large extent, this Guideline overlaps with China’s national standard on personal information protection, GB/T 35273-2017 Information Security Technology – Personal Information Security Specification (the “Standard”), which took effect on May 1, 2018.  The Guideline referred to the Standard as its “indispensable” reference, although at this stage, it is unclear how this Guideline will interact with other existing regulations and national standards.  Furthermore, this new Guideline provides more prescriptive requirements relating to a company’s cybersecurity infrastructure, both in terms of organizational support and technical measures to be implemented.

This post summarizes key requirements of the Guideline.Continue Reading China’s Ministry of Public Security Issues New Personal Information Protection Guideline

On March 15, 2019, the State Administration for Market Regulation and the Cyberspace Administration of China (“CAC”) jointly issued the Announcement on the Implementation of App Security Certification (the “Announcement”), creating a voluntary (but state-sanctioned) security certification scheme for mobile applications (“Security Certification Scheme”).

Operators of mobile applications are encouraged to obtain this certification to demonstrate their compliance with China’s national standard, GB/T 35273 Information Security Technology — Personal Information Security Specification (“the Standard”), in terms of their collection and use of personal data (our previous blogpost about the Standard can be found here).  Search engines and mobile application stores are encouraged to recommend certified applications to users.

The Implementation Rules on Security Certification of Mobile Internet Application (“Implementing Rules”), which set out detailed procedural requirements for the Security Certification Scheme, were also released at the same time as an annex to the Announcement.

Although not mandatory, as the state-sanctioned certification scheme for personal information protection, the creation of this program illustrates the Chinese regulators’ willingness to use soft tools to encourage best practices in the marketplace.
Continue Reading China Introduces Mobile Application Security Certification Scheme

On February 1, 2019, China’s National Information Security Standardization Technical Committee (“TC260”) released a set of amendments to GB/T 35273-2017 Information Technology – Personal Information Security Specification (“the Standard”) for public comment.  The comment period ends on March 3.

Although not legally binding, the Standard has been highly influential since becoming effective in May 2018, as it set out the best practices expected by Chinese regulators (see our previous blogpost on the Standard here).  The Standard has been widely used by companies to benchmark their compliance efforts in China.

The draft amendments reflect Chinese regulators’ evolved thinking on a number of important topics that are hotly debated around the world, such as enhanced notice and consent requirements and requirements for target advertising.  The draft amendments would also introduce new requirements for third party access to data and revise notification requirements for data beaches, among other proposed changes.
Continue Reading China Releases Draft Amendments to the Personal Information Protection Standard

On September 30, 2018, China’s Ministry of Public Security (“MPS”) released the Regulation on the Internet Security Supervision and Inspection by Public Security Organs (the “Regulation”;《公安机关互联网安全监督检查规定》), which will take effect on November 1, 2018.
Continue Reading China Releases New Regulation on Cybersecurity Inspection

China has set out on an ambitious agenda of aiming to become the world leader in artificial intelligence by 2030. Policy experiments for a critical part of China’s AI development strategy, and to that end multiple government think tanks have set out formulating standards that may impact AI innovation in…
Continue Reading Covington Artificial Intelligence Update: China’s Framework of AI Standards Moves Ahead

On June 27, 2018, China’s Ministry of Public Security (“MPS”) released for public comment a draft of the Regulations on Cybersecurity Multi-level Protection Scheme (“the Draft Regulation”). The highly anticipated Draft Regulation sets out the details of an updated Multi-level Protection Scheme, whereby network operators (defined below) are required to…
Continue Reading China Seeks Public Comments for Draft Cybersecurity Regulations

Artificial intelligence promises to be a paradigm shift for many applications from manufacturing to finance, and from defense to education.  Given the vast potential, focus on AI has sharpened around the world, including in China.  Decision makers in Beijing and around the country are paying attention and have begun shaping…
Continue Reading Covington Artificial Intelligence Update: China’s Vision for The Next Generation of AI

On January 2, 2018, the Standardization Administration of China (“SAC”) released the final version of the national standard on personal information protection, officially entitled GB/T 35273-2017 Information Technology – Personal Information Security Specification (GB/T 35273-2017 信息安全技术 个人信息安全规范) (hereinafter “the Standard”).  The Standard will come into effect on May 1, 2018.

As highlighted in our previous coverage of drafts of the Standard (see here and here), although it is nominally a voluntary framework, the Standard effectively sets out the best practices that will be expected by regulators auditing companies and enforcing China’s existing (but typically more generally-worded) data protection rules, most notably the 2016 Cybersecurity Law.  Drafts of the Standard — even prior its finalization — have also in some cases been the basis for non-compliance remediation plans and undertakings agreed between companies and the Cyberspace Administration of China (“CAC”) following CAC audits, as we reported here.

The Standard applies to “personal information controllers,” namely any private or public organization that has “the power to decide the purpose and method” of processing personal information.  This is seemingly modelled on European law’s “data controller” concept.

The Standard regulates the use of “personal information” by these controllers, a term largely aligned with strict conceptualizations of “personal data” under the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”).  Examples of “personal information” listed in an annex to the Standard include device hardware serial codes, IP addresses, website tracking records, and unique device identifiers, among other things.  The definition of “sensitive personal information,” however, takes a different approach to the GDPR: rather than applying only to specific types of data, the Standard takes a risk-based approach, defining “sensitive” personal information as any personal information which, if lost or misused, is capable of endangering persons or property, easily harming personal reputation and mental and physical health, or leading to discriminatory treatment.  According to the Standard, this could for example include national identification card numbers, login credentials, banking and credit details, a person’s accurate location, information on a person’s real estate holdings, and information about a minor (under 14 years old).

Similar to general principles of most data protection laws, the Standard requires transparency, specificity and fairness of processing purpose, proportionality (use and retention of only the minimum information necessary to achieve the stated purpose), security, risk assessment, and the respect of individuals’ rights to control the processing of information about them.  It also requires either consent from individuals, or reliance on a limited range of exceptions set out in the Standard, for the purpose of collection and processing of personal information.

This article looks at some of these aspects in more detail, including some of their key divergences from European data protection law, including the GDPR.  (Please note that this is not an exhaustive description of the Standard, nor is it a detailed comparison with the GDPR.)
Continue Reading China Issues New Personal Information Protection Standard

Yan Luo advises clients on a broad array of regulatory matters in connection with cybersecurity and data protection rules in China. With previous work experience in Washington, DC and Brussels before relocating to Beijing, Yan has fostered her government and regulatory skills in all three capitals. She is able to strategically advise international companies on Chinese regulatory matters and represent Chinese companies in regulatory reviews in other markets.

Over the past two years, Yan has provided practical advice to clients on nearly all aspects of China’s Cybersecurity Law. She continues to help them navigate the complex and quickly evolving regulatory regime, including on issues arising out of personal information protection, cross border data transfers, and various cybersecurity requirements.

What provisions of China’s Cybersecurity Law have caused the greatest concern for U.S. companies? What advice do you have for these companies when it comes to compliance?
Continue Reading National Cybersecurity Awareness Month Q&A with Yan Luo

In the past three weeks, China’s State Council and the State Cryptography Administration (“SCA”) issued two documents that reveal a major change in the regulatory regime governing commercial encryption products in China, potentially paving the way for the draft Encryption Law to establish a uniformed encryption regime. This development and its practical implications will be important to multinationals that manufacture, distribute, or use commercial encryption products in China.

On September 29, 2017, the State Council released the Decision on Removing a Batch of Administrative Approval Requirements (the “State Council Decision”) (official Chinese version available here), which removed some approval requirements for the manufacturing, sale, and use of commercial encryption products. On October 12, 2017, the SCA further released a notice (“Notice”) to instruct local Bureaus of Cryptography Administration (“BCA”) on the plan to implement the State Council Decision.  (The official Chinese version can be found here.)

The State Council Decision and the Notice reveals a major change in the regulatory regime governing commercial encryption products in China, potentially paving the way for an Encryption Law that would establish a uniform encryption regime. (Our previous alert describing the draft Encryption Law can be found here.)
Continue Reading China Revises Proposals on Regulation of Commercial Encryption