Cross-Border Transfers

On September 8, 2026, Kenya’s Office of the Data Protection Commissioner (“ODPC”) published new Guidance Notes for Cross-border Data Transfers (“Guidance”), providing organizations with more detailed guidance on the application of Kenya’s rules governing transfers of personal data outside the country.

The Guidance arrives at an interesting time for Kenya’s data protection framework. Kenya and the European Union are currently engaged in an adequacy process, and in June 2026 the European Commission welcomed progress in that process, noting the “positive assessment so far” and its intention to conclude the process as soon as possible. Against that backdrop, several features of the Guidance will look familiar to organizations accustomed to the EU General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), including its treatment of adequacy, appropriate safeguards, Binding Corporate Rules (“BCRs”), assessments of third-country laws, and supplementary safeguards. But the comparison only goes so far. The Guidance also illustrates several important differences between Kenya’s cross-border transfer framework and the GDPR, including in relation to sensitive personal data, data localization, legitimate interests, and onward transfers. For multinational organizations seeking to use global transfer frameworks across jurisdictions, those differences are important.

Continue Reading Kenya Issues New Cross-Border Data Transfer Guidance: Familiar Concepts, but Important Local Differences

Over the past few months, there have been several notable developments in the cross-border data frameworks of the U.S., EU, UK, Brazil, and several Asia Pacific (“APAC”) countries. These developments reflect evolving regulatory approaches to international data flows, trade agreements, and national security priorities—each with certain nuances and particularities that multinational companies need to understand and be prepared to navigate. 

This blog post provides a brief summary of these developments and key takeaways for companies transferring personal data to or from these jurisdictions. 

Continue Reading Roundup of Cross-Border Data Transfer Developments

***Update (January 27, 2026): The EU and Brazil have now formally adopted mutual adequacy decisions, confirming that both jurisdictions ensure comparable levels of data protection and enabling the free and safe flow of personal data between the EU and Brazil without the need for additional transfer mechanisms.***

On September 5, 2025, the European Commission announced the launch of the process to adopt an adequacy decision for Brazil under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), involving an assessment of whether Brazil ensures an adequate level of personal data protection comparable to that in the EU. Once adopted, the decision would permit personal data to flow freely between Brazil and the EU without the need for additional safeguards, covering flows from businesses, public authorities, and research projects.

The Brazilian federal government, through the National Data Protection Authority (ANPD), announced that it is simultaneously considering adopting an equivalent adequacy decision to facilitate the uninterrupted flow of data from Brazil to the EU. The parallel initiatives highlight a mutual commitment to aligning privacy and data protection standards across the Atlantic, and take place in a context of closer bilateral relations and increased U.S. scrutiny of Brazilian and European digital policies.

Continue Reading EU and Brazil Adopt Mutual Adequacy Decision

On 15 July 2025, the European Commission adopted an adequacy decision for the European Patent Organisation (EPO).  This marks the first time such a decision has been granted to an international organisation.  From now on, personal data can be transferred from the EU to the EPO based on this decision, without the need for additional safeguards such as Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs).

Continue Reading Adequacy Decision for the European Patent Organisation

On June 2, 2025, the Global Cross-Border Privacy Rules (“CBPR”) Forum officially launched the Global CBPR and Privacy Recognition for Processors (“PRP”) certifications.  Building on the existing Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (“APEC”) CBPR framework, the Global CBPR and PRP systems aim to extend privacy certifications beyond the APEC region.  They will allow controllers and processors to voluntarily undergo certification for their privacy and data governance measures under a framework that is recognized by many data protection authorities around the world.  The Global CBPR and PRP certifications are also expected to be recognized in multiple jurisdictions as a legitimizing mechanism for cross-border data transfers.

Continue Reading Global CBPR and PRP Certifications Launched: A New International Data Transfer Mechanism

On March 17, 2025, the Finnish Supervisory Authority (“SA”) announced that it is investigating the transfer of personal data related to human research samples by a Finnish university to a Chinese company for genetic analysis services. 

Continue Reading Finnish Supervisory Authority Investigates Health Data Transfers to China

On 2 December 2024, the European Data Protection Board (“EDPB”) adopted its draft guidelines on Article 48 GDPR (the “Draft Guidelines”). The Draft Guidelines are intended to provide guidance on the GDPR requirements applicable to private companies in the EU that receive requests or binding demands for personal data from public authorities (e.g., law enforcement or national security agencies, as well as other regulators) located outside the EU.

Continue Reading EDPB adopts draft guidelines on requirements when responding to requests from non-EU public authorities

On September 12, 2024, the European Commission announced that it will launch a public consultation on additional standard contractual clauses for international transfers of personal data to non-EU controllers and processors that are subject to the EU GDPR extra-territorially (“Additional SCCs”), something that has been promised by the European Commission as far back as 2022.  The public consultation is planned for the last quarter of 2024.

Continue Reading EU Commission Announces New SCCs for International Transfers to Non-EU Controllers and Processors Subject to the GDPR

After nearly six months since the initial draft was issued for public comments on September 28, 2023 (see here for our previous alert on that development), on March 22, 2024, the Cyberspace Administration of China (“CAC”) issued the final version of the Provisions on Promoting and Standardizing Cross-Border Data Flows (促进和规范数据跨境流动规定) ( “Provisions”) (Chinese version available here).  The Provisions take effect immediately.  

The newly finalized Provisions introduce significant changes to China’s existing cross-border data transfer regime.  These changes primarily involve exemptions from the previously mandated transfer mechanisms outlined in the Personal Information Protection Law (“PIPL”) and its implementing regulations.  Such mechanisms included undergoing a government-led security assessment, entering into a standardized contract, or obtaining personal information protection certification.  As a result, many companies that previously faced these requirements may now be exempt, easing their compliance burden for cross-border data transfers.  Importantly, the Provisions take precedence over any conflicting provisions within PIPL’s implementing regulations, including the Measures on the Standard Contract for Cross-Border Transfer of Personal Information and the Measures for Security Assessment of Cross-Border Data Transfer.

Continue Reading China Eases Restrictions on Cross-Border Data Flows

On January 15, 2024, the European Commission released its report on the first review of the functioning of the existing eleven adequacy decisions adopted under the pre-GDPR framework.  

The Commission concluded that personal data transferred from the European Economic Area to any of Andorra, Argentina, Canada (for PIPEDA-regulated entities), the Faroe Islands, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Israel, Jersey, New Zealand, Switzerland and Uruguay continue to receive an adequate level of protection.

Continue Reading European Commission Retains Adequacy Decisions for Data Transfers to Eleven Countries