Vermont recently enacted two privacy bills to regulate health-related information. These include H.639, a genetic privacy bill regulating direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies, and the Vermont Data Privacy and Online Surveillance Act (S.71), a comprehensive privacy law that extends heightened protections to “consumer health data.” You can read our full analysis of S.71 here.

Genetic Privacy

H.639 regulates the activities of direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies and their service providers. The bill defines a direct-to-consumer genetic testing company as an entity that (i) “sells, markets, interprets, or otherwise offers consumer-initiated genetic testing products or services directly to consumers,” (ii) “analyzes genetic data obtained from a consumer, except to the extent the analysis is performed by a person licensed in the healing arts for diagnosis or treatment of a medical condition,” or (iii) “collects, uses, maintains, or discloses” genetic data that is “collected or derived from a direct-to-consumer genetic testing product or service” or “directly provided by a consumer.”

H.639 contains several exemptions, including for (i) de-identified data; (ii) data or samples “collected, used, maintained, and disclosed” (a) exclusively for scientific research conducted by an institution that holds an assurance with HHS pursuant to 45 C.F.R. Part 46 or (b) in compliance with applicable human subject research regulations; (iii) information and entities subject to HIPAA; (iv) scientific research or educational activities conducted by a public or private nonprofit postsecondary educational institution that holds an assurance with HHS pursuant to 45 C.F.R. Part 46 to the extent such research activities comply with applicable human subject research regulations; and (v) tests conducted “exclusively” to diagnose whether an individual has a specific disease “to the extent that all persons involved in the conduct of the test maintain, use, and disclose genetic information in the same manner as protected health information subject to HIPAA.”

We previously analyzed the substantive obligations in the introduced version of H.639 here. While the majority of these substantive obligations are contained in the enacted version of the bill, the enacted law does contain several changes, including:

• Consent Obligations. The introduced version required separate consent for “each use of genetic data or the biological sample beyond the primary purpose of the genetic testing or service and inherent contextual uses.” The enacted law removes the phrase “and inherent contextual uses,” requiring consent for each use beyond the primary purpose of the genetic testing or service.
• Consent Revocation Mechanism. The introduced version required companies to provide “effective mechanisms, without any unnecessary steps” for a consumer to revoke consent, “at least one of which utilizes the primary medium through which the company communicates to the consumer.” The enacted law revises this standard, requiring companies to provide a revocation mechanism that is “at least as easy as the mechanism by which the consumer provided the consent.”
• Third-Party Deletion. The enacted law adds a new subsection requiring that, upon a consumer’s request to delete genetic data or destroy a biological sample, the company must notify any third parties to delete or destroy the consumer’s data no later than 30 days after the consumer makes the request. Additionally, the enacted law adds a new requirement that when a contract between a direct-to-consumer genetic testing company and a service provider terminates, the service provider must (i) immediately destroy all genetic data retained during the contractual period, and (ii) not disclose, transfer, or sell genetic data to a third party before it destroys the data.
• Nondisclosure Protections. The enacted law expands on the nondisclosure provision included in the introduced version, which prohibited disclosure to entities responsible for insurance or employment decisions, by prohibiting disclosure of “any information about a consumer to a government entity, including the consumer’s genetic data or name” unless (i) a search warrant is issued by a court on a finding of probable cause, or (ii) the consumer provides express consent upon being notified by the company.

H.639 will take effect July 1, 2026. A violation of H.639 constitutes an unfair and deceptive act under Vermont’s Consumer Protection Act, enforceable by the Attorney General. Consumers may also bring civil actions for violations; however, prior to initiating a civil action, a consumer must notify the direct-to-consumer genetic testing company of the alleged violation, which the company has 30 days to cure. The cure period expires June 30, 2028.

Health-Related Provisions in S.71

With S.71, Vermont became the fifth state to enact provisions to regulate consumer health data, which are incorporated into its broader comprehensive privacy law. Although S.71 largely follows the approach taken in Connecticut and Maryland with respect to consumer health data, it includes several Vermont-specific variations.

S.71 defines “consumer health data” as any personal data that a controller uses to identify a consumer’s physical or mental health condition, diagnosis, or status, including gender-affirming health data and reproductive or sexual health data. The law imposes several restrictions on the collection and use of consumer health data. Specifically, a person may not:

• Provide any employee or contractor with consumer health data unless the employee or contractor is subject to a duty of confidentiality;
• Provide any processor with consumer health data, unless the processor complies with the obligations of the law;
• Use a geofence that is within 1,850 feet of any health care facility, including a mental health facility or reproductive or sexual health facility, for the purpose of identifying, tracking, collecting data from, or sending any notification to a consumer regarding the consumer’s consumer health data; or
• Sell or offer to sell consumer health data without obtaining the consumer’s consent.

S.71’s consumer health data requirements apply to any person that conducts business in Vermont or produces products or services that are targeted to Vermonters without regard to the processing-volume thresholds that govern the law’s other requirements.

S.71 also includes provisions addressing biometric and neural data, making Vermont the fifth state to enact provisions regulating neural data, following Montana, Colorado, California, and Connecticut. The law defines biometric data to include “vein patterns” and “gait or personally identifying physical movement or patterns” in addition to other, more common biometric identifiers, such as face geometry, retina scans, and fingerprints. The law defines “neural data” as any information that is generated by measuring the activity of an individual’s central nervous system. S.71 includes both biometric and neural data within the definition of “sensitive information,” subjecting these categories of data (among others) to heightened obligations under the law. S.71 expressly excludes biometric data from the definition of “publicly available information.”

S.71 will take effect January 1, 2028. S.71 is enforceable exclusively by the Vermont Attorney General.