With the rollout of COVID-19 vaccination programs across the EU and the UK, employers are faced with questions about whether or not they are legally permitted to ask employees about their vaccination status and, if so, how that information may be used.

Employers may wish to inquire about the vaccination status of their employees in order to comply with their general obligation to ensure a safe workplace and minimize the risk of exposure to COVID-19.  This raises privacy issues under the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), because employees’ vaccination status falls within a special category of personal data that concerns the health of individuals (Art. 9(1)).  This category is subject to more stringent data protection measures due to the sensitive and personal nature of data, and can only be processed in very limited circumstances (Art. 9(2)).

(1) Divergent Views Across Europe

The approaches taken to the collection and processing of vaccination data across the EU and the UK are varied.  Several countries including Belgium (see here in French), France (see here and here in French), Germany (see here, here, here and here in German), Italy (see here and here in Italian), the Netherlands (see here in Dutch), and Ireland (see here) have issued guidance indicating that employers are not permitted to ask employees about their vaccination status because there is no valid legal basis to do so.

In some countries, such as the Netherlands and Italy, if employees disclose information relating to their vaccination status to occupational health physicians, the physician may be permitted to process health data in certain circumstances (e.g., the Netherlands permits processing of such data in the event of absenteeism or reintegration of employees), but will be bound by confidentiality obligations and therefore cannot disclose this information to the employer.  That said, inquiries of a general nature may be allowed (e.g., the Italian regulations permit an employer to ask the occupational health physician whether an employer is fit for work).

By contrast, other countries such as Austria (see here in German), Finland (see here in Finish), Spain (see here in Spanish) and the United Kingdom (see here) permit an employer to collect health data from employees to the extent that the information is necessary to ensure the safety of the workplace (i.e., to prevent infections at the workplace).  This processing of data is based on Article 9(2)(b) of the GDPR, which permits the processing of health data “for the purposes of carrying out the obligations and exercising specific rights of the controller or of the data subject in the field of employment”.

(2) Necessity and Proportionality

Any measures taken to ensure the safety of the workplace must be necessary and proportionate, such that there are no less intrusive alternative measures to achieve the same result.  The UK requires that employers have a “clear and necessary” reason to collect vaccination data from employees, and that they assess these reasons by conducting a legitimate interest assessment and/or data protection impact assessment.  Furthermore, with respect to the use of vaccination data, Spanish guidance indicates that the information may be used only in accordance with Spanish employment law, which prohibits employers from using that information to discriminate against employees that refuse to be vaccinated.  This is in line with commitments made by EU institutions to ensuring non-discrimination between vaccinated and unvaccinated people.

To process vaccination data, potential exceptions to the prohibition against processing special categories of personal data under Article 9 GDPR include consent and necessity for the safety of certain professions.  For example, though not an official statement, the spokesperson of the Polish data protection authority suggested in a recent article that employers could ask employees whether they were vaccinated on the basis of consent – noting that, given the inherent imbalance that exists in an employer-employee relationship, employers must ensure that such consent is freely and validly given (see here).  Likewise, some countries – including Germany and Ireland – recognize that there are specific employment contexts where an employer may lawfully process vaccination data on the basis of necessity.  For example, vaccinations may be considered a necessary safety measure for employees working in hospitals, medical facilities, emergency services, or any other frontline healthcare service.

(3) Other Key Considerations

In the absence of a more unified approach, employers should generally err on the side of caution when deciding whether or not to collect and process vaccination data from their employees.  Sensitive health data of this kind should only be collected for specific legitimate purposes and only to the extent that it is necessary and proportionate to do so.  If vaccination data is collected, it should only be used for lawful and nondiscriminatory purposes, kept secure and subject to existing duties of confidentiality owed to employees, and retained only for the minimum period of time required to fulfil their legitimate purpose.  Employers should be transparent, via a privacy notice, as to their reasons for checking or recording employee vaccination status and how the information will be used.

Employers should be particularly careful if the collection of vaccine information could have a negative consequence for employees – e.g., denial of an employment opportunity.  Such measures may result in breaches of local employment laws, including anti-discrimination laws, depending on the circumstances.

We will continue to monitor developments in this area. In the meantime, please feel free to reach out to the Covington team for any questions.

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Photo of Dan Cooper Dan Cooper

Daniel Cooper is co-chair of Covington’s Data Privacy and Cyber Security Practice, and advises clients on information technology regulatory and policy issues, particularly data protection, consumer protection, AI, and data security matters. He has over 20 years of experience in the field, representing…

Daniel Cooper is co-chair of Covington’s Data Privacy and Cyber Security Practice, and advises clients on information technology regulatory and policy issues, particularly data protection, consumer protection, AI, and data security matters. He has over 20 years of experience in the field, representing clients in regulatory proceedings before privacy authorities in Europe and counseling them on their global compliance and government affairs strategies. Dan regularly lectures on the topic, and was instrumental in drafting the privacy standards applied in professional sport.

According to Chambers UK, his “level of expertise is second to none, but it’s also equally paired with a keen understanding of our business and direction.” It was noted that “he is very good at calibrating and helping to gauge risk.”

Dan is qualified to practice law in the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Belgium. He has also been appointed to the advisory and expert boards of privacy NGOs and agencies, such as the IAPP’s European Advisory Board, Privacy International and the European security agency, ENISA.

Photo of Vicky Ling Vicky Ling

Vicky Ling is an associate in Covington’s competition team. She advises on all aspects of EU and UK competition law, including merger control, abuse of dominance, antitrust litigation, regulatory investigations and enforcement.

Photo of Anna Oberschelp de Meneses Anna Oberschelp de Meneses

Anna Sophia Oberschelp de Meneses is an associate in the Data Privacy and Cybersecurity Practice Group.

Anna is a qualified Portuguese lawyer, but is both a native Portuguese and German speaker.

Anna advises companies on European data protection law and helps clients coordinate…

Anna Sophia Oberschelp de Meneses is an associate in the Data Privacy and Cybersecurity Practice Group.

Anna is a qualified Portuguese lawyer, but is both a native Portuguese and German speaker.

Anna advises companies on European data protection law and helps clients coordinate international data protection law projects.

She has obtained a certificate for “corporate data protection officer” by the German Association for Data Protection and Data Security (“Gesellschaft für Datenschutz und Datensicherheit e.V.”). She is also Certified Information Privacy Professional Europe (CIPPE/EU) by the International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP).

Anna also advises companies in the field of EU consumer law and has been closely tracking the developments in this area.

Her extensive language skills allow her to monitor developments and help clients tackle EU Data Privacy, Cybersecurity and Consumer Law issues in various EU and ROW jurisdictions.